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Only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote in the papal conclave. About 120 of them cast their secret ballots by writing the name of their chosen candidate and placing the slip into a chalice on the altar.
If no candidate secures the required two-thirds majority, additional voting rounds are held—up to four per day. The 2013 conclave that elected Pope Francis lasted around 24 hours and took five rounds of voting. However, the process can take much longer; one in the 13th century extended nearly three years, while another in the 18th century lasted four months.
During the conclave, the Sistine Chapel—famed for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo—is physically sealed off from the outside world.
Once votes are counted, they are burned in a specially installed stove inside the chapel. Vatican firefighters also prepare a second stove that releases colored smoke through a chimney. Black smoke indicates no decision has been reached, while white smoke signals that a new pope has been chosen.
The moment a new pope is elected, a cardinal steps out onto the main balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica to declare the Latin phrase “Habemus papam” — “We have a pope.” Soon after, the new pope appears, dressed in a white cassock, and gives his first public blessing and address, having chosen a papal name—typically one that honors a saint or former pope.
The pontiff becomes not only the spiritual leader of the world’s Catholics but also a significant figure in global affairs. The pope influences moral teachings, diplomacy, and humanitarian efforts, often acting as a voice of guidance in international conflicts.
Traditionally, popes serve for life. However, in 2013, Pope Benedict XVI broke with over six centuries of precedent by resigning at the age of 85 due to declining health.
Ben Munster contributed reporting to this article.
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