Europe’s Gradual Yet ‘Inevitable’ Progress Toward Legalizing Assisted Dying

The increasing number of patients, especially among young people, with mental health disorders who are opting for euthanasia has fueled intense debate in the Netherlands, according to Buijsen. Euthanasia cases involving psychiatric disorders in the country have doubled over the past five years, rising from 68 to 138. Similar contentious discussions are occurring around euthanasia requests from minors and individuals with dementia, he added.

However, policies regarding euthanasia are not universally consistent. Research conducted by the University of Bologna highlights that the percentage of euthanasia and assisted suicide cases among overall deaths “continues to vary widely” across nations where these practices have long been legal. These differences, researchers note, largely stem from the specific legal contexts in which the laws were implemented and the diverse practices each country has approved.

For instance, Switzerland has been a prominent destination for individuals seeking assisted dying and has offered legal assisted suicide since 1942. It has become one of the most accessible countries for foreigners pursuing end-of-life options.

Political and Social Challenges

In many countries, enacting assisted dying laws has proven challenging due to fierce opposition from conservative political factions, religious organizations, and emotionally charged public discourse.

In Portugal, for example, the national parliament approved an euthanasia bill four times over three years, only to face repeated vetoes from conservative President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Ultimately, the parliament overruled his veto in 2023, forcing him to sign the bill into law. Yet, even now, the legislation remains inactive, as it has yet to be published in the country’s official legal journal.

Elsewhere, such as in Italy and Ireland, the Catholic Church’s considerable influence has historically hindered discussions about legalization. However, progress is beginning to emerge in these countries, signaling potential shifts in societal and political attitudes regarding euthanasia and assisted dying.